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Liu, Hao, et al. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 696 (2025): 137830.
This study explores triethyl phosphate (TEP) as a multifunctional electrolyte additive designed to improve the performance and lifespan of tin (Sn) anodes in aqueous acidic batteries (AABs). The primary challenges addressed include "dead Sn" formation and the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which significantly reduce coulombic efficiency and cycling stability, especially under high-areal-capacity conditions.
The electrolyte formulation involved dissolving stannous sulfate and sulfuric acid in water, with TEP introduced at a concentration of 0.6 M to form the modified electrolyte (SH-TEP). Characterization reveals that TEP molecules partially replace water in the Sn²⁺ solvation sheath, thereby enhancing Sn²⁺ ion migration kinetics. Concurrently, TEP preferentially adsorbs onto the Sn anode surface, reinforcing interfacial stability and suppressing HER.
Electrochemical tests demonstrated that symmetric Sn||Sn cells with SH-TEP electrolyte maintained stable cycling for over 760 hours at 5 mAh cm⁻² and 5 mA cm⁻², a dramatic improvement over 33 hours observed with the pristine electrolyte. Sn||Cu asymmetric cells exhibited a high average coulombic efficiency of 99.4% over 500 cycles. Furthermore, pairing Sn anodes with MnO₂ cathodes in SH-TEP electrolyte enhanced rate capability and cycling stability of full cells.
This work highlights TEP's dual role in modulating solvation structure and interfacial chemistry, offering a promising strategy for advanced electrolyte design to stabilize Sn anodes in AABs, thereby paving the way for high-performance, durable aqueous battery systems.
Wang, Lingna, et al. Chinese Chemical Letters 35.9 (2024): 109356.
This study presents an eco-friendly regeneration strategy utilizing triethyl phosphate (TEP) to restore the performance of end-of-life (EOL) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes in large-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Membrane fouling irreversibly reduces membrane lifespan, posing a major challenge for sustainable wastewater treatment. TEP, known for its low toxicity and strong affinity for PVDF, was applied as a solvent in membrane regeneration to effectively remove irrecoverable foulants.
The regenerated membranes (Rg) exhibited a remarkable water permeance of 534.8 ± 45.7 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹·bar⁻¹, comparable to that of new membranes, while maintaining stable rejection rates. Surface characterization showed increased hydrophilicity of the Rg membranes compared to those subjected to only preliminary cleaning, attributable to the combined effect of solvent treatment and cleaning. The critical flux of the Rg membrane reached 15.2 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, substantially surpassing the 4.0 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ observed in EOL membranes, indicating significantly reduced fouling propensity.
Importantly, this TEP-based regeneration approach ensured effluent quality compliance in real municipal wastewater treatment. The results demonstrate that TEP solvent processing effectively restores membrane permeability and fouling resistance, enabling prolonged operational lifespan of PVDF membranes in MBR systems. This green regeneration strategy thus contributes to advancing sustainable membrane technology for wastewater treatment applications.
Yang, Hao-Ren, et al. Desalination 566 (2023): 116934.
This study explores the application of triethyl phosphate (TEP) as a green solvent in fabricating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes through the innovative spray-assisted nonsolvent induced phase separation (SANIPS) technique. Aimed at seawater desalination and wastewater treatment via membrane distillation, the approach addresses environmental concerns associated with conventional use of toxic solvents and nanomaterials.
PVDF/TEP dope solutions were prepared at 12 wt% concentration and processed at 90 °C for 12 hours to ensure homogeneity. Membranes formed by SANIPS involved spraying water onto nascent membranes before phase inversion, which significantly influenced membrane morphology and surface properties compared to traditional PVDF/NMP systems. The resultant PVDF membranes exhibited superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 154°, coupled with self-cleaning behavior.
Performance evaluation via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) demonstrated that PVDF/TEP SANIPS membranes achieved a water flux of 22 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹, outperforming membranes fabricated by nonsolvent induced phase separation (12 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹). Long-term stability tests confirmed sustained flux and salt rejection during treatment of a 10 wt% NaCl solution, highlighting the membrane's robustness.
This research confirms TEP's potential as an environmentally friendly solvent for producing high-performance superhydrophobic PVDF membranes via SANIPS, presenting a sustainable alternative for membrane distillation in water purification applications.
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