Luo, Ruichen, et al. Applied Surface Science 602 (2022): 154197.
MXene is an emerging two-dimensional material that has been widely explored for different applications, including as an adsorbent for the removal of environmental pollutants. However, the lack of active adsorption sites inevitably hinders its adsorption performance, typically requiring surface functionalization. In this study, a novel MXene-based adsorbent (denoted as Ti3C2-SL) was prepared using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) as a linker through a simple substitution reaction with conjugated aminated Ti3C2 and sodium lignosulfonate.
Preparation of Ti3C2-SL
Synthesis of Ti3C2:
1. Add 3 g of Ti3AlC2 (MAX) into a 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reactor.
2. Slowly add 70 mL of hydrofluoric acid and mix thoroughly.
3. Let the mixture sit at 70 °C for 24 hours.
4. Afterward, use deionized water for multiple high-speed centrifugations at room temperature to remove excess acid until the supernatant is near neutral.
5. Disperse the crude product in 40 mL of DMSO and ultrasonicate for 24 hours.
6. Subsequently, wash repeatedly with deionized water and ethanol to remove excess DMSO and then freeze-dry for 24 hours to obtain the grey-black product Ti3C2.
Functionalization with APTES:
1. Add 1 g of Ti3C2 into a reactor containing 30 mL of ethanol-water solution (1:9 wt%) and ultrasonicate for 30 minutes until the powder is completely dispersed.
2. Gradually add 2 mL of TEA into the mixed system and stir at room temperature for 3 hours.
3. Dissolve 2 mL of APTES completely in 5 mL of ethanol and add it into the reactor.
4. Continue stirring the mixture at 60 °C for 8 hours.
5. After the reaction concludes, wash the solid with ethanol and deionized water until neutral. Freeze-dry for 24 hours to obtain Ti3C2-APTES.
Conjugation with Sodium Lignosulfonate (SL) and HCCP:
1. Fully disperse 1 g of Ti3C2-APTES, 1.33 g of SL, and 0.347 g of HCCP into 60 mL of THF.
2. Stir the mixture under nitrogen protection at 65 °C for 8 hours.
3. Dialyze the reaction product against distilled water and anhydrous ethanol, then dry in a vacuum at 60 °C for 48 hours.
These step-by-step processes detail the sophisticated preparation of a functionalized MXene material, which has great potential for enhanced adsorption properties and diverse environmental applications.
Ma, Fang, et al. Materials Letters 362 (2024): 136223.
Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic pollutant commonly found in automobiles, furniture, and construction materials, and it poses health risks to humans. This study introduces a green, large-scale method for preparing carbon dots (CDs) using lignosulfonate and o-phenylenediamine through a solvent-free reaction method. The synthesized CDs have a yield of 43% and exhibit green fluorescence. Additionally, CDs can serve as ideal fluorescent probes for detecting FA, demonstrating excellent linearity (R2 = 0.998, detection limit (LOD) = 79 nM) in the 0-50 μM range.
Preparation of CDs Using Lignosulfonate
CDs were prepared using the Solvent-Free Reaction Method (SFRM) strategy. Firstly, 1 mmol of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) and 1 mmol of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) were ground together in a mortar for 5 minutes. The resulting powder was then placed into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reactor and heated at 180 °C for 8 hours. After the reaction, the product was dissolved in water upon cooling to room temperature, then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. Impurities were removed by filtration through a 0.22 μm membrane filter, and the final CDs were obtained through freeze-drying.
Wang, Chao, et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 412 (2021): 128609.
Inspired by the reinforcing structure of wood, a nanofilm with enhanced negative surface charge for the separation of anionic dyes was prepared using natural sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) containing several anionic groups (-SO3-) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) via a straightforward interfacial polymerization process.
Nanofilm Preparation
Negatively charged SLS/TMC nanofilms were synthesized in situ on polysulfone (PSF) support membranes via the interfacial polymerization (IP) method at a constant room temperature (approximately 25 °C). The detailed preparation steps are as follows:
1. Initial Preparation: Gently remove any residual water from the PSF support membrane using filter paper.
2. SLS Solution Preparation: Prepare a 3% (w/v) aqueous solution of sodium lignosulfonate with trimethylamine as the catalyst. Stir this solution magnetically at 700 rpm for at least 30 minutes.
3. Application to Membrane: Pour the prepared SLS solution onto the PSF support membrane, allowing it to wet the membrane for 5 minutes. Afterward, use a rubber roller to remove any excess solution from the membrane's surface.
4. IP Process: Pour a 0.2% (w/v) solution of TMC in n-hexane onto the membrane surface. Allow the interfacial polymerization process to occur at room temperature for varying durations as specified.
5. Drying and Aging: Drain the TMC solution from the membrane surface. Let the newly formed nanofilm dry in air for 5 minutes. Then, place it in an oven preheated to 80 °C for 15 minutes to enhance the crosslinking reaction of the interfacial polymerization.
6. Storage: Finally, store the prepared nanofilms in deionized (DI) water at 4 °C until further use.
This method produces nanofilms with increased surface negative charge, useful for effective anionic dye separation in various applications.
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