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Konkala, Veera Swamy, and Pramod Kumar Dubey. "One-pot synthesis of 3-phenyl-4-pyrazolylmethylene-isoxazol-(5 H)-ones catalyzed by sodium benzoate in aqueous media under the influence of ultrasound waves: a green chemistry approach." Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 54.4 (2017): 2483-2492.
Sodium benzoate has demonstrated efficient catalytic activity in the green synthesis of 4-pyrazolylmethylene-3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-ones through Knoevenagel condensation and one-pot multicomponent cyclocondensation reactions. In this study, sodium benzoate was employed as a mild, recyclable organocatalyst in aqueous media under ultrasonic irradiation, supporting an environmentally benign synthetic approach.
A representative reaction involved pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, ethyl benzoylacetate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride undergoing sonochemical activation in water, with sodium benzoate (0.25 g) as the catalyst. The ultrasonic waves accelerated the formation of the isoxazolone ring system, reducing the reaction time to 30-42 minutes. Alternatively, a step-wise method utilized 3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-one with sodium benzoate under similar sonication conditions to achieve product formation within 5-15 minutes.
This catalytic system provided excellent yields of the target heterocycles with minimal waste and simple work-up. Notably, the sodium benzoate catalyst could be recovered and reused without significant loss of activity, reinforcing its role in sustainable organic synthesis.
The success of sodium benzoate in promoting this reaction highlights its utility in modern green chemistry, especially for the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocyclic scaffolds via eco-friendly, high-efficiency methods.
Habib, Sehrish, et al. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 697 (2024): 134471.
Sodium benzoate (SB) has been effectively utilized as a corrosion inhibitor in the fabrication of an advanced hybrid carrier system for multilevel corrosion protection applications. In this study, SB was loaded into a mesoporous titania/ceria (TiO₂/mCeO₂) composite to develop a functional corrosion-inhibiting nanocarrier, later embedded into a polyurethane (PU) matrix.
The TiO₂/mCeO₂ hybrid carriers were synthesized via a hydrothermal hydrolysis route and subsequently exposed to SB to achieve controlled loading. Specifically, 2 g of sodium benzoate was dissolved in 25 mL of distilled water until a clear solution formed. Then, 1 g of the TiO₂/mCeO₂ composite was dispersed into this solution and subjected to overnight magnetic stirring to facilitate thorough incorporation.
To ensure deep diffusion of SB into the mesoporous framework, the system underwent vacuum cycling for 3 hours. Post-loading, the composite was centrifuged (5000 rpm, 15 minutes), dried at 120 °C for 8 hours, and ground into a fine powder. This SB-loaded hybrid carrier demonstrated excellent compatibility with the PU matrix and enabled sustained inhibitor release.
The use of sodium benzoate in this context showcases its potential in smart coatings designed for long-term corrosion resistance, particularly in harsh environments where passive and active protection mechanisms are required.
Kumar, Munish, et al. Journal of Materials Science 52 (2017): 8568-8575.
Sodium benzoate plays a dual role in the green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), offering a promising approach to antimicrobial nanomaterials with potential food preservation applications. In this study, sodium benzoate (SB), a widely used food-grade preservative, acts both as a reducing and capping agent to produce stable silver nanoparticles in aqueous media under mild conditions.
The synthesis involves the addition of 0.5 mM sodium benzoate solution to a boiling 1 mM aqueous silver nitrate solution under rapid stirring. The pH was adjusted to 10 using potassium carbonate to facilitate nanoparticle formation. A distinct color change to yellow, observed within 15-20 minutes, confirmed the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
Notably, the sodium benzoate-functionalized silver nanoparticles (SB-AgNPs) exhibited long-term colloidal stability without the need for additional stabilizers, owing to the effective surface functionalization by SB. These nanoparticles were isolated by centrifugation, washed thoroughly, and stored at 4 °C for subsequent characterization and testing.
The SB-AgNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy, highlighting their applicability in food preservation as a synergistic system combining the preservative function of SB with the bioactivity of nanosilver. This work exemplifies sodium benzoate's versatility beyond conventional uses, underscoring its value in the development of multifunctional nanomaterials.
What is sodium benzoate?
Sodium benzoate is the salt of benzoic acid that is found naturally in foods like cranberries, apricots, mushrooms, and honey.
What are some sources of sodium benzoate?
Sodium benzoate is found naturally in cranberries, prunes, plums, apples, and other fruits.
What is the role of sodium benzoate in cosmetics?
Sodium benzoate is used as a corrosion inhibitor, fragrance ingredient, and preservative in cosmetics and personal care products.
What is sodium benzoate primarily effective against as a preservative?
Sodium benzoate is primarily effective against fungal growth, but also has some effectiveness against bacteria.
What other preservative is sodium benzoate often combined with in low pH products?
Sodium benzoate is often combined with potassium sorbate in low pH products to benefit from their synergistic effects against yeast and mold.
Is sodium benzoate a broad-spectrum preservative for cosmetic use?
No, sodium benzoate is not a broad-spectrum preservative and should be combined with other preservatives in cosmetic products.
Is sodium benzoate considered safe for consumption?
Yes, the FDA has designated sodium benzoate as a "generally recognized as safe" ingredient. The amount of sodium benzoate in foods is so low that it is deemed safe by regulatory bodies.
Can a reaction occur between sodium benzoate and vitamin C in skin care products?
There is a potential concern for a reaction between sodium benzoate and vitamin C in skin care products. However, formulating products with a high concentration of vitamin C and a low concentration of sodium benzoate can prevent the formation of benzene.
What pH range is generally safer in terms of preventing benzene formation?
Products with a pH of 3 or higher are generally safer in terms of preventing benzene formation.
Is sodium benzoate a reliable and safe ingredient for consumers?
Sodium benzoate is considered one of the most reliable ingredients on the market, and when used within approved concentrations, it is safe for consumers.
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