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Chang, Yongliang, et al. Frontiers in Chemistry 11 (2023): 1089775.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, idiopathic condition characterized by inflammation, intestinal barrier damage, and disruption of the gut microbiota. An overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely linked to the onset and recurrence of IBD. Procyanidin, a natural antioxidant, is known for its potent ability to neutralize ROS, offering potential therapeutic benefits for inflammation-related diseases. However, its poor stability and solubility often hinder its full therapeutic potential. In this study, we developed an innovative antioxidant coordination polymer nanoparticle, combining procyanidin (Pc) and free iron (Fe), referred to as Pc-Fe nanozyme. This formulation is designed to effectively scavenge ROS, reduce inflammation, and modulate the gut microbiota, providing a promising strategy for treating colitis.
Preparation of Pc-Fe Nanoparticles
To prepare the Pc-Fe nanoparticles, 66 mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was dissolved in 5 mL of methanol. Next, 20 mg of FeCl3·6H2O was dissolved in 1 mL of methanol, and 10 mg of procyanidin was also dissolved in 1 mL of methanol. The methanol solution of FeCl3·6H2O was then added dropwise to the PVP methanol solution, and the mixture was stirred at 300 rpm for 5 minutes. Afterward, the methanol solution of procyanidin was added dropwise to the iron-PVP solution, and the mixture was stirred for an additional 3 hours at room temperature. To isolate the final nanoparticles, the reaction mixture was dialyzed in pure water for 12 hours.
Bi, Jingran, et al. Food Chemistry 365 (2021): 130534.
Active food packaging materials incorporating procyanidins (PC) have demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial properties. However, procyanidins are prone to hydrolysis in acidic environments, which limits their stability. To address this issue, a novel water-soluble chitosan (CS)-based copolymer was developed as a carrier to create a pH-stable environment for loading procyanidins.
Preparation of CS-graft-PVA-PC Film
To prepare the CS-graft-PVA copolymer film, 10 g of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was dissolved in 100 mL of degassed dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 0.1 g/mL of carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), and the solution was stirred continuously for 6 hours. Next, 5 μL/mL of triethylamine (Et₃N) was added, and the mixture was incubated in the dark for 8 hours. Chitosan (CS) was dissolved in a 1% acetic acid solution to achieve a 10% final concentration, which was then added to the activated PVA solution. The mixture was stirred for 24 hours in the dark. Afterward, the samples were dialyzed against deionized water at 4°C for 72 hours using a dialysis bag (14 kDa) to remove byproducts and unreacted materials. The dialysate was freeze-dried to obtain CS-graft-PVA.
For the preparation of the procyanidin-loaded film, 0.5 g of procyanidin (PC) was mixed with 100 mL of pure CS-graft-PVA solution. The resulting mixture was poured into a mold and subjected to nine cycles of freezing (-80°C) and thawing (20°C). After drying at 40°C, the CS-graft-PVA-PC film was obtained.
Liu, Dan, et al. Microchemical Journal 173 (2022): 107045.
Grape seed procyanidin extract was employed in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), with procyanidin (OPC) comprising 95% of the total extract content.
Synthesis of OPC-AuNPs
To begin, 1 g of HAuCl₄·3H₂O was dissolved in 10 mL of purified water. Separately, 0.02 g of procyanidin (OPC, 95%) was dissolved in 10 mL of purified water, and a 2 mg/mL OPC solution was prepared using ultrasonic dissolution. This solution was then filtered through a 0.22 μm needle filter and set aside.
Next, 60 μL of chloroauric acid solution (10%, W/V) was diluted to 25 mL with purified water, stirred, and heated to boiling. Subsequently, 1 mL of the prepared OPC solution was rapidly added to the boiling solution. The mixture was stirred and heated for 10 minutes, during which a gradual color change from light yellow to dark red was observed, indicating the formation of gold nanoparticles.
The characteristic absorption peak of the AuNPs was found at 537 nm, and the particle size was monitored to be approximately 34 nm.
What is the CAS number for Procyanidin?
The CAS number for Procyanidin is 4852-22-6.
What are the synonyms for Procyanidin?
The synonyms for Procyanidin are 2H-1-Benzopyran-3,4,5,7-tetrol, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl)oxy)-3,4-dihydro-.
What is the molecular weight of Procyanidin?
The molecular weight of Procyanidin is 594.52.
What is the molecular formula of Procyanidin?
The molecular formula of Procyanidin is C30H26O13.
What is the percentage of actives in Procyanidin?
The percentage of actives in Procyanidin is 95%.
In what physical state does Procyanidin exist?
Procyanidin exists in a solid physical state.
What is the typical application of Procyanidin?
The typical application of Procyanidin is as an antioxidant.
How many hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms are present in the molecular formula of Procyanidin?
In the molecular formula of Procyanidin, there are 30 carbon atoms, 26 hydrogen atoms, and 13 oxygen atoms.
What is the chemical structure of Procyanidin?
The chemical structure of Procyanidin includes benzene rings and oxygen atoms arranged in a specific configuration.
How does Procyanidin contribute to antioxidant activity?
Procyanidin acts as an antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative damage in cells and tissues.
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