Ma, Jiliang, et al. Carbohydrate polymers 199 (2018): 382-389.
γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesized via a straightforward solvothermal method were coated with quaternized xylan (QX) using a reverse microemulsion method and further modified with polylysine (PLL) to prepare PLL-QX-Fe2O3 nanoparticles.
Steps for Preparing QX-Fe2O3 Using Reverse Microemulsion
1. Initially, a certain amount of QX was dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water in a beaker and stirred at room temperature until a homogeneous light yellow solution was obtained.
2. In the second step, span 80 (2% of the mixture volume) was added to a mixture of toluene and chloroform (v:v = 3:1) to form the oil phase.
3. Subsequently, a specific amount of γ-Fe2O3 MNPs was added to the QX solution to form the aqueous phase, which was then added dropwise into the oil phase under vigorous stirring.
4. The mixture was stirred until a white emulsion was formed. Then, POCl3 (0.02 wt% of xylan) was added as a cross-linking agent to the emulsion and stirred for 1 hour.
5. Finally, the emulsion was washed three times successively with acetone and alcohol. The final product, QX-Fe2O3, was collected and freeze-dried.
Preparation of PLL-QX-Fe2O3:
1. 1 mg of QX-Fe2O3 was ultrasonically dispersed in 1 mL PBS (pH=6) buffer solution for 20 minutes.
2. Then, 20 mL of PLL solution was added to the system and stirred at room temperature for 6 hours.
3. After magnetic separation, the final product was washed three times with deionized water and freeze-dried.
Li, Zhenjian, et al. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 668 (2024): 132-141.
Polylysine-modified NIR emissive CD assemblies (plys-CD) were synthesized through a post-solvothermal reaction of NIR-emissive CDs with polylysine. The resultant plys-CD not only exhibited outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency up to 54.9%, but also significantly enhanced NIR fluorescence emission. Due to an increase in particle size to approximately 40±8 nm, plys-CD showed enhanced tumor accumulation efficacy upon intravenous injection, thereby improving the efficacy of tumor photothermal therapy.
Synthesis Pathway:
Precursors CDs were synthesized via a solvothermal reaction in DMSO using citric acid and urea. A mixture containing 2 g of citric acid and 6 g of urea was dissolved in 30 mL of DMSO and heated solvothermally at 160 °C for 2 hours. Subsequently, 2 g of polylysine was dissolved into the above mixture, and the mixture was subjected to a post-solvothermal reaction at 160°C for an additional 4 hours to produce plys-CDs.
To remove partial residual by-products, the resulting dark solution was collected, mixed with twice the volume of ethanol, and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove DMSO, residual citric acid, and urea. The precipitate was collected and dissolved in deionized water. This suspension was then dialyzed against deionized water using a 5000 Da dialysis bag for 12 hours to remove the residual polylysine, with water being changed every 2 hours. The aqueous solution in the dialysis bag was collected and lyophilized to obtain plys-CDs for further use.
Liu, Y., Wu, Y., Deng, H., Li, W., Cui, L., Rong, J., & Zhao, J. (2024). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134188.
The development of core-shell SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs effectively addresses the limitations of self-assembled polymer nanoparticles for cancer therapy, including instability in bloodstream, non-specific targeting of cancer cells, and uncontrolled intracellular drug delivery.
Synthesis of SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs
Synthesis of PLL-FPBA: Amphiphilic polymer polylysine conjugated with 3-fluoro-4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (PLL-FPBA) was synthesized via amidation reaction. Specifically, 100 mg of PLL was dissolved in 20 mL of deionized water, and a certain amount of FPBA (molar ratio of PLL: FPBA = 1:2, 1:4, or 1:8) was dissolved in 10 mL of deionized water at 50 °C. The two solutions were mixed, and DMT-MM was added as an activator. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The resulting mixture was dialyzed in deionized water (MWCO: 2000 Da) for 5 days, then lyophilized to obtain PLL-FPBA.
Synthesis of SNX@PLL-FPBA NPs: To synthesize SNX@PLL-FPBA NPs, 20 mg of PLL-FPBA and a certain amount of SNX (mass ratio of SNX: PLL-FPBA = 1:2, 1:3, or 1:4) were dissolved in 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl/DMSO (v/v, HCl/DMSO = 1:4) and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The solvent was then evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 60 °C, after which 20 mL of deionized water was added and the mixture sonicated for 10 minutes. The drug was encapsulated by stirring the mixture for 2 hours and filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane to remove any unencapsulated drug. Finally, the SNX@PLL-FPBA NPs were obtained by lyophilization.
Synthesis of SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs: Core-shell SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs were synthesized using SNX@PLL-FPBA NPs as the core and methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid (mHA) as the shell, through electrostatic complexation. Specifically, an aqueous suspension of SNX@PLL-FPBA NPs (1 mg/mL) was slowly added to an aqueous solution of mHA (1 mg/mL) at a mass ratio of SNX@PLL-FPBA NPs to mHA = 2:3. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 1 hour, then Irgacure 2959 (0.1%, w/w) was added, and the mixture was irradiated with UV light (1000 W) for 3 minutes. Finally, the SNX@PLL-FPBA/mHA NPs were obtained by lyophilization.
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