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Min, Xize, et al. Journal of Environmental Management 287 (2021): 112302.
Monosodium citrate was utilized as a functional ligand in the fabrication of arsenic adsorbents from low alumina fly ash (LAFA), significantly enhancing the capture of As(V) and As(III) species in aqueous solutions. In this study, ferric citrate was grafted onto LAFA through an alkali fusion-incipient wetness impregnation method, forming active complexes including FeOOH, Fe₂O₃, FeSiO₃, and notably, monosodium citrate (C₆H₇NaO₇).
Spectroscopic analysis (XPS, FTIR) revealed that monosodium citrate contributed to arsenic uptake primarily through chemical complexation-its C-O and -COO⁻ groups coordinated with arsenic oxyanions (HAsO₄²⁻ and H₂AsO₃⁻). Additionally, ion-exchange between FeOOH and H₂AsO₃⁻, as well as oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by Fe₂O₃, enhanced the total removal efficiency. Monosodium citrate thus functioned as both a stabilizing agent and a key interfacial ligand facilitating adsorption.
The adsorbent prepared with ferric citrate-modified LAFA (1:1 mass ratio with NaOH, 923 K) achieved exceptional performance: maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities reached 2725.0 μg As(V)/g and 2281.9 μg As(III)/g. For initial arsenic concentrations below 500 ppb, residual levels were reduced to <10 ppb-meeting WHO standards for drinking water.
This work highlights monosodium citrate's crucial role in the development of high-performance, low-cost adsorbents for environmental arsenic remediation.
Chen, Jingying, et al. Green Chemistry 27.12 (2025): 3234-3247.
Monosodium citrate (MSC), a non-toxic and hydrophilic bio-based compound, has been successfully utilized in the synthesis of fully bio-based and biodegradable superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) via polycondensation with citric acid (CA) and glycerol (GLY). In this study, SAPs were produced without the use of catalysts or external cross-linkers, highlighting the sustainable and green chemistry approach adopted.
The synthesis involved a bulk two-step polycondensation. Initially, CA, MSC, and GLY were combined in a three-necked flask, and a small volume of deionized water was added to ensure homogeneous dissolution. The polyesterification reaction was carried out at 130 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours, followed by a vacuum stage (1 mbar) for 1.5-3 hours to remove water and increase molecular weight. The final precursor polymer exhibited significant viscosity and a noticeable Weissenberg effect, indicating successful chain growth.
Post-synthesis, the product was dried and subjected to thermal self-cross-linking. The resulting SAPs achieved a gel content of \~60% and demonstrated a maximum water absorption capacity of 24 ± 2 g/g in deionized water. Importantly, these SAPs showed 40% biodegradability after 28 days in an activated sludge environment, far outperforming traditional polyacrylate-based SAPs in sustainability.
This study positions monosodium citrate as a key multifunctional monomer for preparing eco-friendly SAPs suitable for hygiene products, agriculture, and other sustainable material applications.
Collazo, A., et al. Progress in Organic Coatings 147 (2020): 105779.
Monosodium citrate has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing the corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum alloy (AA2024-T3) surfaces through its incorporation into hybrid sol-gel coatings. In this study, a TEOS-GPTMS-based sol-gel matrix was modified by substituting the aqueous phase with a 1 g L⁻¹ solution of monosodium citrate. This strategic modification resulted in the formation of more compact, charge-repelling films that significantly limited chloride ion penetration.
After anodizing the aluminum substrates in tartaric-sulfuric acid, the sol-gel layer was applied via controlled immersion and cured at 120 °C. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) revealed a substantial increase in impedance values for citrate-modified coatings (TGC), even after extended immersion in 0.1 M NaCl. This indicated superior barrier properties compared to traditional hot water sealing and unmodified sol-gel films.
Advanced characterization techniques such as FESEM, FTIR, and FIB microscopy showed that the addition of monosodium citrate altered the sol-gel structure, promoting COO⁻ group integration into the silica network. These carboxylate functionalities contributed to enhanced film uniformity and chemical bonding at the interface, yielding a denser, more protective layer.
This case study underscores the value of monosodium citrate as a green additive in corrosion-resistant coatings, offering promising applications in aerospace and marine aluminum protection strategies.
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