Williams, M., Warren, N. J., Fielding, L. A., Armes, S. P., Verstraete, P., & Smets, J. (2014). ACS applied materials & interfaces, 6(23), 20919-20927.
Isononyl isononanoate has been demonstrated as a highly effective oil phase for the preparation of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions, using fumed silica particles coated with poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) as the emulsion stabilizer. The wettability of these hybrid PEI/silica particles can be precisely tuned via Schiff base chemistry-by incorporating 1-undecanal into the oil phase, primary and secondary amine groups on PEI undergo in situ reaction, significantly enhancing particle hydrophobicity.
At optimized PEI/silica mass ratios (0.50 for the hydrophobic internal emulsion, 0.075 for the hydrophilic external interface), robust double emulsions can be generated through sequential homogenization steps. Isononyl isononanoate, along with other model oils, enabled the formation of stable w/o/w emulsions with minimal interfacial degradation, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and laser diffraction analysis.
The system was further validated by encapsulating rhodamine-labeled poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) within the internal aqueous phase. Dye release studies conducted via UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed minimal leakage post-emulsification, with dye retention exceeding 80% over 15 days at ambient temperature.
These findings confirm that isononyl isononanoate is highly suitable for controlled-release formulations and encapsulation systems requiring long-term stability, making it a promising candidate for applications in pharmaceutical delivery, personal care, and advanced formulation science.
Walsh, A., et al. Langmuir 26.23 (2010): 18039-18048.
Isononyl isononanoate serves as a model oil phase in the preparation of colloidosomes-hollow microcapsules formed through the stabilization and cross-linking of Pickering emulsions. In a recent study, sterically stabilized polystyrene latex particles were synthesized via aqueous emulsion polymerization using partially quaternized poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) as a stabilizer. These latex particles successfully emulsified various oils, including isononyl isononanoate, under alkaline conditions (pH 9), yielding stable oil-in-water Pickering emulsions.
Subsequent cross-linking of the PEI chains on the particle surfaces was achieved using polymeric cross-linkers such as tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate-terminated poly(propylene glycol) (PPG-TDI). Isononyl isononanoate enabled the formation of robust colloidosomes at ambient temperature (20 °C), where PPG-TDI rapidly reacted with the PEI chains during homogenization. This process yielded well-defined, stable colloidosomes that retained their structural integrity even after solvent extraction of the internal oil phase.
Compared to other oils tested, isononyl isononanoate showed superior compatibility with the fast-reacting PPG-TDI system, likely due to its favorable physicochemical properties, including low polarity and excellent dispersibility. Its performance highlights its utility in encapsulation technologies requiring mild processing conditions and high structural fidelity.
This case study underscores the functional significance of isononyl isononanoate in the development of advanced emulsion-templated delivery systems, offering a promising avenue for drug delivery, cosmetics, and encapsulation technologies.
Morse, A. J., et al. Langmuir 29.18 (2013): 5466-5475.
Isononyl isononanoate has been successfully utilized as a model oil phase for the preparation of pH-responsive Pickering emulsions stabilized by poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PEGMA-PDEA) latex particles. These latexes are synthesized via emulsion copolymerization of DEA and a divinylbenzene cross-linker in the presence of PEGMA, forming near-monodisperse particles with diameters of 190-240 nm at pH 9.
At alkaline pH (10), PEGMA-PDEA latex acts as an effective stabilizer for oil-in-water emulsions with various oils, including isononyl isononanoate. Homogenization of equal volumes of PEGMA-PDEA latex and isononyl isononanoate at this pH produced stable emulsions, indicating strong interfacial adsorption of the latex particles in their colloidally stable, hydrophobic state.
However, when the system pH is lowered below the latex's pKa (~6.9), a latex-to-microgel transition occurs. This transformation leads to particle desorption and rapid emulsion destabilization, allowing for reversible control of emulsion stability. This switchable emulsification-demulsification behavior was confirmed over multiple pH cycles using both HCl/KOH and CO₂/N₂ purging methods.
These results demonstrate that isononyl isononanoate is a compatible oil phase in smart, stimuli-responsive emulsion systems, with potential applications in controlled release, separation processes, and environmentally responsive formulations.
What is the molecular formula of Isononyl isononanoate?
The molecular formula of Isononyl isononanoate is C18H36O2.
What is the CAS number of Isononyl isononanoate?
The CAS number of Isononyl isononanoate is 42131-25-9.
What are some synonyms for Isononyl isononanoate?
Some synonyms for Isononyl isononanoate are Isononanoic acid and isononyl ester.
What is the molecular weight of Isononyl isononanoate?
The molecular weight of Isononyl isononanoate is 284.48.
What is the percentage of actives in Isononyl isononanoate?
The percentage of actives in Isononyl isononanoate is 95%.
In what physical state is Isononyl isononanoate?
Isononyl isononanoate is in liquid physical state.
What are some typical applications of Isononyl isononanoate?
Some typical applications of Isononyl isononanoate are as an emulsifying agent, dispersing agent, solubilizing agent, and lubricant.
How is Isononyl isononanoate commonly used as a lubricant?
Isononyl isononanoate is commonly used as a lubricant due to its properties that allow for smooth surface interactions.
What makes Isononyl isononanoate a good emulsifying agent?
Isononyl isononanoate's chemical structure and properties make it an effective emulsifying agent by helping to stabilize mixtures of oil and water.
How does Isononyl isononanoate function as a dispersing agent?
Isononyl isononanoate works as a dispersing agent by evenly distributing particles in a solution, preventing clumping and ensuring homogeneous mixtures.
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