Pal, Aniruddha, et al. European Polymer Journal 66 (2015): 33-46.
We report the synthesis of a novel graft copolymer, glycogen-graft-poly (acrylic acid) (g-Gly/pAA), with a high molecular weight and low polydispersity index (PDI), synthesized via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) using a CuBr/bpy catalyst. This copolymer shows promise for the selective removal of Pb²⁺ ions over other metal ions such as Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺.
Synthesis
1.Synthesis of Macroinitiator Glycogen-Br:
Initially, 0.5 g (3.1 mmol) of glycogen was dissolved in a mixture of 6 mL pyridine and 10 mL DMF. The solution was heated to 80 °C until it became clear. Then, 2 mL of 2-bromo-2-methyl propionyl bromide was added dropwise under ice-cold conditions. The mixture was left at room temperature for 8 hours. Afterward, the solution was poured into excess distilled water, causing precipitation of the product as floccules. The product was washed thoroughly with distilled water, filtered, and vacuum-dried at 50 °C for 12 hours.
2.Synthesis of g-Gly/pAA:
The macroinitiator glycogen-Br was used to initiate the polymerization of acrylic acid via ATRP, using CuBr/bpy as the catalyst. A mixture of glycogen-Br (0.045 g, 0.1 mmol of Br) and 2,2'-bipyridine (0.0075 g) was added to 10 mL of DMF in a dried flask, which was then heated at 70 °C in an oil bath. Once the macroinitiator had fully dissolved, CuBr (0.014 g, 0.1 mmol) was added. After the solution turned dark brown, 4 mL of acrylic acid was introduced. The reaction was maintained at 70 °C for 3 hours. The solution turned blue upon exposure to air, indicating the oxidation of Cu(I) to Cu(II). The product was purified by filtration and washed with water, then dried at 60 °C for 24 hours. Different grades of g-Gly/pAA were synthesized by varying the reaction temperature (55-75 °C) and monomer concentrations (1-5 mL).
Chen, Zhilan, et al. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 92 (2024): 105371.
Gene therapy has gained significant attention in cancer treatment due to its high efficacy, specificity, and reduced side effects. However, the delivery of therapeutic genes is challenged by factors such as nuclease degradation in vivo and the need for efficient, safe, and functional gene carriers. To address these challenges, a novel glycogen-based nanoparticle system (siRNA/GT@Lip) was developed to deliver survivin siRNA for targeted antitumor therapy.
Preparation of Nanoparticles
1. Synthesis of Glycogen-based Nanocarrier (GT):
The glycogen-based carrier (GT) was synthesized using a one-pot method. Initially, glycogen (Gly) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then, a mixture of tripolyphosphate (TPP), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DIC), and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (DMAP) was added to the solution, maintaining different molar ratios of Gly to TPP (4:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2), and stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. After the reaction, the solution was dialyzed against deionized water for 3 days, and the dialysate was freeze-dried to yield the glycogen-based nanoparticle (GT).
2. Preparation of siRNA/GT@Lip Nanoparticles:
The siRNA/GT complex was prepared by mixing GT and siRNA in DEPC water at different N/P ratios and incubating for 30 minutes at room temperature. For the lipid component, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and DSPE-PEG2000 were dissolved in chloroform in a 19:1 ratio, and the solvent was evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 35°C. The resulting lipid film was dried overnight in a vacuum oven. Next, the siRNA/GT solution was added to the dried lipid film, and the mixture was sonicated in a 45°C water bath for 10 minutes, followed by shaking at 25°C for 1 hour. Finally, the siRNA/GT@Lip nanoparticles were sonicated for 10 minutes using a 60 W probe.
Mashhour, Doaa M., et al. Journal of Molecular Structure 1313 (2024): 138665.
A novel method for the biosynthesis of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) was developed by oxidizing glycogen with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in an alkaline medium. Sodium fluoride (NaF) was used to control the development of MnO2 on the surface of the glycogen oxidation product.
Synthesis Procedure: In a typical synthesis, 3.6 g of glycogen and 0.8 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were dissolved in 250 mL of distilled water and heated to 70°C with continuous stirring to ensure complete dissolution of the glycogen (Mixture A). The solution was then cooled to room temperature (RT). In a separate container, 3.16 g of KMnO4 and 1.9 g of NaF were mixed in 250 mL of distilled water (Mixture B). Mixture A was gradually added to Mixture B while stirring continuously at 250 rpm for approximately 2 hours at RT. A brown precipitate of MnO2 formed during the reaction and was isolated by filtration using filter paper. The precipitate was washed multiple times with dehydrated ethanol to remove impurities. Finally, the resulting MnO2 powder was dried overnight at 75°C in a drying oven.
What is the molecular formula of Glycogen?
The molecular formula of Glycogen is (C6H10O5)n.
What is the melting point of Glycogen?
The melting point of Glycogen is 270-280 °C (dec.).
What is the flash point of Glycogen?
The flash point of Glycogen is 575°C.
What is the purity of Glycogen?
The purity of Glycogen is 85%.
What is the density of Glycogen?
The density of Glycogen is 1.629g/ml.
What is the appearance of Glycogen?
The appearance of Glycogen is a white to off-white powder.
What percentage of Glycogen is actives?
75% of Glycogen is actives.
In what physical state does Glycogen exist?
Glycogen exists in a solid physical state.
What is a typical application of Glycogen?
A typical application of Glycogen is as a humectant.
What are some synonyms for Glycogen?
Some synonyms for Glycogen are animal starch.
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