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Reza, Muhammad, et al. Next Materials 9 (2025): 101061.
Disodium cocoyl glutamate (DCG), a biodegradable anionic surfactant, has been employed to functionalize activated carbon (AC) derived from cigarette butt waste to enhance its adsorption capacity for lead ions (Pb²⁺) in aqueous solutions. This study investigated the preparation and adsorption mechanism of DCG-modified activated carbon (ASMAC) and its efficacy in heavy metal remediation.
Experimental procedure:
1. Cigarette filters were separated from butts, sequentially washed in distilled water and 96% ethanol, then treated with a mixture of 2% nitric acid and 25% acetic acid for 2 h to remove impurities. Filters were rinsed to neutral pH and air-dried.
2. Filters were carbonized at 500 °C for 15 min (10 °C/min ramp rate), producing raw AC, which was subsequently activated by immersion in 65% KOH for 4 h, filtered, washed with water and 1 M HCl to neutral pH, and dried at 373 K. The activated carbon was sieved (50 mesh) to obtain uniform particle size.
3. AC (1 g) was dispersed in 25 mL of 0.1% (v/v) DCG solution and stirred at 360 rpm for 5 h at room temperature. Excess surfactant was removed by filtration and washing with distilled water.
4. The resulting ASMAC was dried at 60 °C for 24 h and subsequently used for Pb²⁺ adsorption studies.
Characterization revealed that ASMAC possessed aromatic rings functionalized with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, exhibiting slight porosity and amorphous structure. The incorporation of DCG enhanced electrostatic interactions and chelation sites, improving adsorption efficiency for Pb²⁺ ions. This work demonstrates that disodium cocoyl glutamate is an effective functionalizing agent for transforming waste-derived activated carbon into a high-performance, environmentally friendly adsorbent for heavy metal remediation.
Ridho, Moh Zeinur, et al. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 11 (2025): 101140.
Disodium cocoyl glutamate (DCG), a naturally derived anionic surfactant, has been employed to functionalize activated carbon (CA) derived from cigarette butt waste, enhancing its adsorption capacity toward lead(II) ions (Pb²⁺) in aqueous solutions. The study aimed to investigate how DCG modification influences the surface chemistry and adsorption performance of CA.
Preparation of CA-DCG was performed as follows: Cigarette filters were separated from the paper, sequentially washed with distilled water and 96 % ethanol, treated with 2 % nitric acid and 20 % acetic acid, rinsed, and air-dried. The filters underwent flash carbonization at 500 °C for 15 min, followed by chemical activation in 65 % KOH solution for 4 h. The activated carbon was filtered, washed to neutral pH, dried at 100 °C, and sieved to 50 mesh. CA (1 g) was then mixed with 25 mL of DCG solution at varied concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 % v/v) under magnetic stirring for 5 h, filtered, washed, and dried at 60 °C for 24 h to yield CA-DCG.
Characterization revealed that CA-DCG retained aromatic rings functionalized with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, while DCG incorporation increased carbonyl content and amorphous character. Adsorption tests demonstrated that DCG dramatically enhanced Pb²⁺ removal efficiency, increasing equilibrium adsorption from 25 % (unmodified CA) to 99 %, with CA-DCG 0.1 % exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity (9.89 mg/g). The enhanced performance is attributed to the anionic nature of DCG, which promotes electrostatic interactions with Pb²⁺ ions. This work highlights DCG as an effective functionalizing agent for transforming waste-derived CA into a high-performance, environmentally friendly adsorbent for heavy metal remediation.
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