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Song, Xiang, et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 264 (2024): 130409.
Calcium gluconate has emerged as a promising biomass-based flame-retardant component due to its environmental compatibility and metal coordination ability. In a recent study, calcium gluconate (CG) was employed to prepare a novel flame retardant, CG@APP, via ion-exchange reaction with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), targeting enhanced fire safety and mechanical integrity in epoxy resin (EP) composites.
To synthesize CG@APP, 30.0 g of APP was dispersed in 600 mL of ethanol and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 80 °C. Concurrently, 15.0 g of CG was dissolved in deionized water at the same temperature and introduced into the APP suspension. The mixture was continuously stirred for 6 hours, facilitating effective ion exchange between CG and APP. The resulting white solid was filtered, washed thoroughly with hot ethanol-water solution, and dried at 80 °C for 24 hours.
The CG@APP complex displayed significant improvements in flame-retardant efficiency when incorporated into EP. It enabled the formation of a dense and stable char layer, suppressing heat release and toxic gas evolution. Moreover, the introduction of CG@APP not only improved thermal stability but also enhanced the mechanical strength of the epoxy matrix, overcoming common drawbacks of conventional bio-based retardants.
This work demonstrates that calcium gluconate is an effective bio-derived precursor for synthesizing high-performance flame retardants, offering a sustainable and efficient solution for advanced polymer fire protection.
Qin, Jin, et al. Surface and Coatings Technology 466 (2023): 129655.
Calcium gluconate (CaGlu₂) has demonstrated strong potential as a calcium source for enhancing the bioactivity of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings on metal surfaces. In a recent study, CaGlu₂ was used alongside magnesium gluconate (MgGlu₂) in a base electrolyte to explore the formation of calcium- and magnesium-enriched anodic coatings via a one-step MAO process. The objective was to optimize the Ca/P molar ratio and promote the in-situ formation of hydroxyapatite (HA), a key component for bone integration in biomedical implants.
Orthogonal and single-factor experiments revealed that the addition of CaGlu₂ significantly increased the calcium content in the resulting coatings, outperforming calcium glycerophosphate (Ca-GP) alone. Interestingly, while neither Ca-GP nor CaGlu₂ alone led to substantial Ca incorporation, their synergistic use notably enhanced Ca deposition. The primary mechanisms for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ incorporation were identified as electromigration and diffusion.
Importantly, coatings with a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.35 and detectable HA phase were achieved under optimized conditions, including controlled H₃PO₄ concentration and voltage parameters. Excessive H₃PO₄, though beneficial for film formation, was found to suppress Ca and Mg incorporation.
This work highlights calcium gluconate as a superior electrolyte additive in MAO processes, facilitating the formation of HA-rich, bioactive coatings with potential applications in orthopedic and dental implant technologies.
Shi, Lin, et al. Carbohydrate Polymers 281 (2022): 119085.
In this study, calcium gluconate was employed as a novel carbon source in the biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose (BC) to facilitate in-situ calcium incorporation and enable efficient biomimetic mineralization. The modified fermentation medium was prepared by replacing traditional glucose (2 wt.%) in Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium with calcium gluconate. Additional components included peptone (0.5 wt.%), yeast extract (0.5 wt.%), potassium disodium phosphate (0.27 wt.%), and citric acid (0.115 wt.%). The medium was sterilized at 121 °C for 20 minutes, followed by inoculation with 8% (v/v) seed culture and incubation at 30 °C for 2 days with gentle agitation.
The resulting BC-calcium nanocomposites were purified using 0.3 wt.% NaOH at 80 °C for 2 hours, washed to neutrality, and freeze-dried at -54 °C for 12 hours. For hydroxyapatite (HAp) mineralization, the dried BC-calcium samples were immersed in 1× simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for 1-5 days, with daily replacement of the solution to maintain supersaturation. The mineralized samples were then washed and freeze-dried.
Compared to conventional mineralization processes, this method using calcium gluconate significantly enhanced mineral deposition within the BC matrix while simplifying preparation steps-highlighting its potential in biomedical scaffold engineering.
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