Zhan, Tingjie, et al. Environmental Pollution 286 (2021): 117294.
Benzophenone-type UV filters, including dioxybenzone, have been associated with various adverse reproductive outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms and targets in the female reproductive tract remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of dioxybenzone and its metabolites-demethylated (M1) and hydroxylated (M2)-on the transcriptome of the uterine tissue in ICR mice. We also identified potential cellular targets in human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) isolated from normal endometrial tissue.
Treatment with dioxybenzone, M1, and M2 (20 mg/kg bw/d) induced significant transcriptome alterations, with 683, 802, and 878 differentially expressed genes, respectively. These genes were primarily involved in cancer, reproductive system disorders, and inflammation. Notably, the transcriptome profiles of M1 and M2 were more similar to that of estradiol in the mouse uterus compared to dioxybenzone, leading to a thicker endometrial columnar epithelial layer through upregulation of estrogen receptor target genes, such as Sprr2s. Furthermore, M1, M2, and dioxybenzone (0.1 or 1 μM) exhibited estrogenic disruption in HESCs by increasing the mRNA expression and production of growth factors-specifically Fgf and Igf-1-responsible for epithelial proliferation. Additionally, the expression of several inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β, was significantly upregulated in both the mouse uterus and HESCs following treatment with dioxybenzone and its metabolites.
In conclusion, our findings reveal that dioxybenzone and its metabolites induce transcriptome perturbations that are linked to abnormal steroid hormone responses and inflammation-both of which contribute to reproductive health risks.
Zhan, Tingjie, et al. Environmental Pollution 268 (2021): 115766.
Dioxybenzone, a common ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products, is frequently detected in environmental media and human samples. Despite its widespread use, the metabolic susceptibility of dioxybenzone and the potential endocrine disruption caused by its metabolites, particularly their ability to mimic human estrogens, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of dioxybenzone, detected its metabolites in rats, and assessed the estrogenic disruptive effects of these metabolites on estrogen receptor α (ERα).
In vitro metabolism identified two major metabolites of dioxybenzone: M1, formed through demethylation of the methoxy group, and M2, produced via hydroxylation of the aromatic carbon. Both metabolites were rapidly detected in rat plasma after dioxybenzone exposure and were distributed across organs in the following order: liver > kidneys > uterus > ovaries. Molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) showed that M1 and M2 bound to residues Leu387 and Glu353, respectively, in the ligand-binding domain of ERα, which lowered the binding free energy.
Both M1 and M2 induced a significantly stronger estrogenic effect than dioxybenzone, as demonstrated by recombinant ERα yeast two-hybrid and uterotrophic assays.
Overall, our findings suggest that metabolic activation of dioxybenzone may enhance its estrogenic effects, highlighting the importance of including metabolic evaluations in the health risk assessments of benzophenones and similar compounds.
What is the CAS number of Benzophenone-8?
The CAS number of Benzophenone-8 is 131-53-3.
What is the molecular weight of Benzophenone-8?
The molecular weight of Benzophenone-8 is 244.24.
What is the molecular formula of Benzophenone-8?
The molecular formula of Benzophenone-8 is C14H12O4.
What is the melting point of Benzophenone-8?
The melting point of Benzophenone-8 is 73-75°C.
What is the flash point of Benzophenone-8?
The flash point of Benzophenone-8 is 146°C.
What is the density of Benzophenone-8?
The density of Benzophenone-8 is 1.296 g/cm³.
What is the appearance of Benzophenone-8?
The appearance of Benzophenone-8 is off white to yellow free flowing powder.
What is the percentage of actives in Benzophenone-8?
The percentage of actives in Benzophenone-8 is 95%.
What is the physical state of Benzophenone-8?
The physical state of Benzophenone-8 is solid.
What are some typical applications of Benzophenone-8?
Some typical applications of Benzophenone-8 include use as a UV absorbing agent, use as an anti-photoaging agent, and use as a photosensitizing agent.
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