Kaur, Harmeet, et al. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 2021, 39(3), 648-661.
Allantoin is a heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compound widely present in the plant kingdom and is an intermediate product of purine catabolism. The increase in allantoin accumulation in plants under stress conditions indicates that allantoin is an important regulator of plant stress.
Action mechanism of allantoin
· Allantoin has been speculated to function via different mechanisms, where it has been described as an antioxidant or a signalling molecule. Allantoin may function as an antioxidant because of its direct effect on limiting ROS-mediated oxidative injury in bacteria as well as plants under in vitro conditions. Besides, it might act as a stress signalling regulatory compound that regulates the transcription of many stress-induced genes such as those coding for ROS pathway enzymes or other genes in a ROS-independent pathway.
· As a signaling molecule, allantoin can effectively activate other stress response pathways and their downstream genes even at small concentrations. During the period of abiotic stress, allantoin is able to build up in plant roots because the enzyme responsible for breaking it down, allantoinase (ALN), is suppressed at the transcriptional level. The allantoin is then moved to the above-ground part of the plant through ureide permease (UPS), where it plays a role in activating stress pathway genes and hormones that help the plant tolerate stress.
Araújo, Lorena Ulhôa, et al. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 2010, 25, 460-461.
The wound healing process induced by the incorporation of allantoin into soft emulsion oil/water emulsions was evaluated and characterized using planar and histological methods. Studies have shown that allantoin-induced wound healing mechanisms occur by modulating inflammatory responses and stimulating fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis. This work shows that allantoin can improve and accelerate the remodeling of normal skin.
Materials and methods
· Soft lotion oil/water (O/W) emulsion pharmaceutical formulation components used as allantoin carrier include methylparaben, propylparaben, ethilic alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, sodium cetilestearilsulfato, mineral oil, sorbitol solution 70% w/v, allantoin, and water.
· A total of 60 female Wistar rats were divided into three groups for the experiment. The first group, labeled as (C), served as the control and did not receive any treatment. The second group, labeled as (E), was treated with soft lotion O/W emulsion excipients. The third group, labeled as (EA), was treated with soft lotion O/W emulsion containing 5% allantoin. Both types of emulsions were applied topically for 14 days, after which the wound area was assessed using planimetry and qualitative and quantitative histological analysis in an open wound model.
What are the synonyms for allantoin?
All, 5-Ureidohydantoin, Alphosyl, Alyonyldiurened, Egopsoryl, Allantin
What is the CAS number for allantoin?
97-59-6
What is the chemical formula of allantoin?
C4H6N4O3
What is the melting point of allantoin?
230 °C
What are the safety hazard codes for allantoin?
Xn, Xi
What are the uses of allantoin?
Anti-inflammatory analgesic effects, wound healing, and as an additive in products like shampoo, sunscreen, creams, lotions, and oral care products.
How is allantoin primarily used in skin protection?
It promotes cell proliferation and wound healing.
What are the production methods mentioned for synthesizing allantoin?
Potassium permanganate oxidation of uric acid method, and direct condensation method of glyoxylic acid and urea.
What is the main therapeutic function of allantoin?
Vulnerary, antiulcer (topical), and antipsoriatic effects.
Why is allantoin considered a useful biomarker for oxidative stress?
It is a purine metabolite via the uric acid pathway, and reacts with free radicals to produce allantoin.
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