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Li, Shaoxiu, et al. Journal of Molecular Liquids 279 (2019): 241-250.
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) has been extensively investigated as a highly effective coagulant, and recent advances highlight its potential in composite adsorbent design for water purification. In this study, PAC was employed to modify magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using microwave irradiation, producing magnetic PAC multi-walled carbon nanotubes (M-PAC-MWCNTs) with enhanced humic acid (HA) removal performance.
Experimental Procedure for the Preparation of Magnetic PAC-MWCNTs
1. Magnetization of MWCNTs
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed in distilled water by ultrasonication for 15 min, then heated to 60 °C under stirring. A mixed solution of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ salts was added, followed by dropwise addition of a Na₂CO₃/NaOH base solution until pH > 11. The suspension was stirred for 30 min and aged for another 30 min at 60 °C. The resulting precipitate was washed to neutrality, dried at 70 °C, ground, and sieved to obtain magnetic MWCNTs.
2. Preparation of PAC Solution
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was dissolved in 25 mL of distilled water under ultrasonic treatment to ensure complete dissolution.
3. Microwave-Assisted Modification
Magnetic MWCNTs and PAC were mixed at a mass ratio of 1.87:1, ultrasonically dispersed for 15 min, and subjected to microwave irradiation at 600 W for 6 min.
4. Product Recovery
The mixture was cooled to room temperature, washed with distilled water until the supernatant was clear, then dried at 70 °C. The dried product was ground, sieved, and collected as magnetic PAC-modified MWCNTs (M-PAC-MWCNTs).
The incorporation of PAC onto the magnetic nanotube framework significantly improved adsorption efficiency toward HA, attributed to the combined effects of PAC's strong coagulation ability and the high surface area of MWCNTs. The microwave-assisted modification ensured uniform distribution and stable binding of PAC, enhancing the composite's performance in aqueous environments.
This study demonstrates the critical role of PAC in designing advanced hybrid adsorbents, underscoring its utility in environmental remediation and water treatment applications.
Wu, Lingmin, et al. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 170 (2023): 1-10.
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is widely recognized for its coagulant properties, and its functional modification enables the development of advanced composite flocculants for industrial wastewater treatment. In this study, PAC was used as the primary coagulant precursor to synthesize a PAC-PSi-PDMDAAC composite for the removal of oil droplets and particulate matter from polymer-flooding oilfield wastewater.
The preparation was conducted in sequential steps:
1. PAC Solution Preparation - AlCl₃·6H₂O and Na₂CO₃ were dissolved in deionized water to prepare a 10 g/L PAC solution under intensive magnetic stirring.
2. Activated Silicic Acid (PSi) Synthesis - Waterglass was dissolved in deionized water and slowly acidified with H₂SO₄ to pH 3.0-4.0. The mixture was stirred continuously for 50 min to yield activated PSi.
3. PAC-PSi Formation - The PSi solution was blended with the PAC solution at mass ratios of 40:1, 10:1, and 5:1, followed by stirring at 400 r/min for 12 h at room temperature to promote Si-O-Al bonding.
4. PAC-PSi-PDMDAAC Composite Formation - PAC-PSi and PDMDAAC solutions (10 wt%) were combined at PAC/PDMDAAC ratios of 1:0.1, 1:0.3, and 1:0.5, then stirred for 24 h at room temperature to produce the final composite flocculant.
The PAC-PSi-PDMDAAC composite exhibited superior coagulation efficiency, benefiting from the synergistic effect of PAC's hydrolytic activity, PSi's surface functionalization, and PDMDAAC's cationic bridging capability. This design provides a promising strategy for industrial-scale oilfield wastewater treatment, combining enhanced flocculation, rapid settling, and high contaminant removal efficiency.
Yang, Benqin, et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13.3 (2025): 116175.
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is widely applied in sludge dewatering processes but often accumulates in significant quantities, raising concerns regarding its biotoxicity. This study investigated the effect of PAC accumulation on the biodrying of dewatered sludge, a green and energy-efficient technology that exploits microbial metabolic heat to evaporate water and stabilize sludge.
Experimental results demonstrated that PAC-conditioned sludge exhibited enhanced microbial activity, as evidenced by elevated enzymatic activity and higher viable bacterial counts. The underlying mechanism involved PAC-mediated loosening of sludge aggregates and promotion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) solubilization. Consequently, the binding forces of water molecules were reduced, and bioavailable organics increased, providing more substrates for microbial metabolism.
PAC addition also altered sludge particle size distribution, decreasing large particles (>4.00 mm) by 19.61-34.91 % and increasing small particles (<1.70 mm) by 18.04-39.68 %, which improved oxygen transfer and further stimulated microbial activity. Furthermore, PAC induced redistribution of proteins, polysaccharides, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and extracellular DNA across EPS layers, particularly promoting the migration of proteins from tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) into loosely bound (LB-EPS) and soluble EPS (S-EPS), enhancing sludge bioavailability.
Overall, PAC not only acts as a conventional coagulant but also facilitates biodrying efficiency by improving oxygen transfer, increasing bioavailable substrates, and stimulating microbial metabolism, offering a novel approach for sludge reduction and stabilization in wastewater treatment.
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