Ibraheem, Saheed Ademola, et al. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 158 (2023): 111500.
The use of biomaterials for nanoparticle synthesis is gaining increasing popularity due to their biocompatibility, green methods, and environmental friendliness. In this study, a simple and rapid method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is reported for the first time. Using pectin as a novel reducing and stabilizing agent, this one-step green method offers a sustainable and economically feasible alternative to traditional synthesis approaches.
Experimental Procedure: Briefly, pectin solution was prepared by weighing 1 gram of pectin and placing it in a 250 mL beaker. It was then mixed with 100 mL of distilled water and heated at 70 °C for 30 minutes, followed by filtration. For the synthesis of AgNPs, varying volumes (1-3 mL) of the pectin solution were mixed with different concentrations of AgNO3 (1-10 mM) at various reaction pH values (2-12). The mixture was stirred at 250 rpm on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature, and the reaction was kept in the dark.
Zheng, Chenmin, et al. Food Hydrocolloids 125 (2022): 107454.
Amido-modified pectin was prepared using an ultra-low temperature enzyme method with amino acids.
Experimental Procedure: Papain (2 g) was dissolved in 180 mL of phosphate buffer (pH = 7, 0.05 mol/L), and nitrogen gas was introduced. The mixture was sealed and stirred at 0 °C for 30 minutes. Then, 20 mL of 0.4 mol/L L-cysteine hydrochloride solution and 40 mg of EDTA were added to the enzyme solution and stirred for 10 minutes to activate the papain. Approximately 15 mmol of amino acids (Glu, Ala, and Lys) were dissolved in 100 mL of phosphate buffer (pH = 7, 0.2 mol/L) and mixed with 50 mL of the activated papain solution. Low-ester pectin (5 g) was dissolved in 150 mL of phosphate buffer (pH = 7, 0.2 mol/L) and combined with the amino acid/papain solution. Slowly, 100 mL of absolute ethanol was added, and nitrogen gas was introduced. The mixture was sealed and stirred at -15 °C for 24 hours. After the reaction, 200 mL of absolute ethanol was added to precipitate the pectin sample. The pectin precipitate was collected by centrifugation (4000 rpm, 5 min) and then added to 100 mL of 15% trichloroacetic acid solution. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes to completely inactivate the papain. Finally, the pectin sample was subjected to continuous flow dialysis (48 h, MWCO: 30,000) and freeze-dried.
Tian, Lijun, Anudwipa Singh, and Akhilesh Vikram Singh. International journal of biological macromolecules 153 (2020): 533-538.
Polysaccharides are widely used in drug delivery systems due to their ability to undergo a variety of chemical and enzymatic reactions, forming new molecules. Among them, chitosan (CS) and pectin (PEC) are commonly used to design novel conjugates and biopolymers.
Experimental Procedure: The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of pectin (NHS-PEC) was prepared as follows: Briefly, PEC (1.0 g) was dissolved in a mixture of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 40 mL) and triethylamine (TEA, 0.5 mL), and the solution was stirred continuously overnight under anhydrous conditions in the dark. Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC, 0.5 g) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 0.5 g) were then added to the PEC solution, and the mixture was stirred in the dark for 24 hours to activate the carboxyl groups of PEC. The precipitated byproduct, dicyclohexylurea (DCU), was removed by filtration. The filtered product (NHS-PEC) was washed three times with Millipore water and then freeze-dried.
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